Philip Danforth Armour

Philip Danforth Armour Sr. (May 16, 1832 – January 6, 1901) was an American meatpacking industrialist who founded the Chicago-based firm of Armour and Company. Born on a farm in upstate New York, he initially gained financial success when he made $8,000 during the California gold rush from 1852 to 1856 (equivalent to $287,000 in 2025). He later opened a wholesale soap business in Cincinnati, then moved it to Milwaukee.

During the American Civil War, Armour capitalized on the opportunity to sell meat to the Union army, making millions in the process. In 1875, he moved his base to Chicago. His innovations included bringing live hogs to the metropolis for slaughter, inventing an assembly line system for the disassembly of hogs, canning the product, economy of scale and efficiency in detail. He systematically utilized waste products, boasting that he made use of "everything but the squeal". The introduction of refrigerated rail cars opened a national market for him and competitors such as Gustavus Swift. Armour expanded into banking and speculation on the futures market for pork and wheat by 1900, his plants employed 15,000 workers; his own wealth was in the range of $50 million (~$1.55 billion in 2024). The urgent Army need for meat during the Spanish–American War of 1898 led to highly publicized complaints about "embalmed beef." Armour retired from business in 1899 and devoted himself to philanthropy in the Chicago area, including low-cost housing for industrial workers and the major institution of higher education, the Armour Institute of Technology (now part of Illinois Institute of Technology).